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<DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=5><STRONG>DAVID!!</STRONG></FONT> yes
that is the head! is that you behind the camera!>? can I
use this for our sat section?</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>here is an interesting mash up on some satellite history.... as
a kid I was fortunate to have a dad that was at HUGHES... and I
got to see and hear all about the building of these
birds... Now you have me wanting to go dig all my scrap books
out..... but here is some net stuff...</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>===================================================== Clips from, the
net---------- </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>And like most of the Honolulu stations the network newscast would be
delayed as far as 12 Midnight because they were flown in from the mainland after
their airings in the East Coast. However that would change on November 19, 1966,
as a pioneering piece of history would take place when channel 4 (when it was
KHVH) began broadcasting the first live network satellite telecast from the U.S.
mainland to Hawaii as ABC feeds the Notre Dame-Michigan State football game via
the Lani Bird satellite to the station.<SUP id=cite_ref-4 class=reference><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITV#cite_note-4"><SPAN>[</SPAN>5<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP>
Today KITV receives ABC shows on the same day as the rest of the United States,
including live news, sports coverage and special events.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>BEFORE THERE WAS INTELSAT THERE WAS.... Harold Rosen's Children....
SYNCOM</DIV>
<DIV><SPAN id=Common_features class=mw-headline>Common features</SPAN>
<P>The three early Syncom satellites were experimental spacecraft built by <A class=mw-redirect title="Hughes Aircraft Company" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft_Company">Hughes Aircraft
Company</A>'s facility in <A title="Culver City, California" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City,_California">Culver City</A>, <A title=California href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</A>.
All three satellites were cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of about 71
centimeters (28 in) and a height of about 39 centimeters (15 in).
Pre-launch fueled masses were 68 kilograms (150 lb), and orbital masses
were 39 kilograms (86 lb) with a 25-kilogram (55 lb) <A title="Payload (air and space craft)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)">payload</A>.
They were capable of emitted signals on two <A class=mw-redirect title=Transponders href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponders">transponders</A> at just 2 <A title=Watt href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt">W</A>. Thus, Syncom
satellites were only capable of carrying a single two-way telephone
conversation, or 16 <A class=mw-redirect title=Teletype href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype">Teletype</A> connections. As of
June 25, 2009, all three satellites are still in orbit.<SUP id=cite_ref-0 class=reference><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncom#cite_note-0"><SPAN>[</SPAN>1<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<H3> <SPAN id=Syncom_1 class=mw-headline>Syncom 1</SPAN></H3>
<P><B>Syncom 1</B> was to be the first <A title="Geosynchronous orbit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit">geosynchronous</A>
communications satellite. It was launched on February 14, 1963 with the <A class=mw-redirect title="Delta rocket" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_rocket">Delta B</A> #16 <A title="Expendable launch system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expendable_launch_system">launch vehicle</A>
from <A title="Cape Canaveral" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</A>, but was
lost on the way to geosynchronous orbit due to an electronics failure.<SUP id=cite_ref-1 class=reference><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncom#cite_note-1"><SPAN>[</SPAN>2<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP>
Seconds after the <A class=mw-redirect title=Apogee href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogee">apogee</A> kick motor for
circularizing the orbit was fired, the spacecraft fell silent. Later telescopic
observations verified the satellite was in an orbit with a period of almost 24
hours at a 33° inclination.</P>
<H3> <SPAN id=Syncom_2 class=mw-headline>Syncom 2</SPAN></H3>
<P><B>Syncom 2</B> was the first <A title="Geosynchronous orbit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit">geosynchronous</A> <A class=mw-redirect title="Communication satellite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_satellite">communication
satellite</A>. Its orbit was <A title="Inclined orbit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_orbit">inclined</A> rather than <A class=mw-redirect title=Geostationary href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary">geostationary</A>. The
satellite was launched by NASA on July 26, 1963 with the <A class=mw-redirect title="Delta rocket" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_rocket">Delta
B</A> #20 launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral. The satellite successfully kept
station at the altitude calculated by <A title="Herman Poto nik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Poto%C4%8Dnik">Herman Potočnik
Noordung</A> in the 1920s.</P>
<P>During the first year of Syncom 2 operations, NASA conducted voice, teletype,
and facsimile tests, as well as 110 public demonstrations to show the
capabilities of this satellite and invite feedback. In August 1963, President <A title="John F. Kennedy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy">John
F. Kennedy</A> in Washington, D.C., telephoned Nigerian Prime Minister <A class=mw-redirect title="Abubakar Balewa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Balewa">Abubakar Balewa</A> aboard
<I><A class=mw-redirect title="USNS Kingsport" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Kingsport">USNS Kingsport</A></I> docked
in <A title=Lagos href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos">Lagos</A> Harbor;
the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite. The
<I>Kingsport</I> acted as a control station and uplink station.</P>
<P>Syncom 2 also relayed a number of test television transmissions from Ft. Dix,
N.J. to a ground station in Andover, Maine beginning on Sept. 29, 1963; the
first successful TV transmission through a geosynchronous satellite. It was
low-quality video with no audio.</P>
<H3> <SPAN id=Syncom_3 class=mw-headline>Syncom 3</SPAN></H3>
<P><B>Syncom 3</B> was the first <A title="Geostationary orbit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit">geostationary</A>
communication satellite, launched on August 19, 1964 with the <A class=mw-redirect title="Delta rocket" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_rocket">Delta D</A> #25 launch vehicle
from Cape Canaveral. The satellite, in orbit near the <A title="International Date Line" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line">International Date
Line</A>, had the addition of a wideband channel for television and was used to
telecast the <A title="1964 Summer Olympics" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics">1964 Summer
Olympics</A> in <A title=Tokyo href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo">Tokyo</A> to the <A title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United
States</A>.<SUP id=cite_ref-2 class=reference><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncom#cite_note-2"><SPAN>[</SPAN>3<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP>
Although Syncom 3 is sometimes credited with the first television program to
cross the <A title="Pacific Ocean" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean">Pacific Ocean</A>, the <A class=mw-redirect title="Relay 1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_1">Relay 1</A> satellite first
broadcast television from the United States to Japan on November 22, 1963.<SUP id=cite_ref-NASA-SP-93_3-0 class=reference><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncom#cite_note-NASA-SP-93-3"><SPAN>[</SPAN>4<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>
<P><B><FONT face=Geneva>INTELSAT</FONT></B><FONT face=Geneva>. Intelsat
satellites were owned and operated by the International Telecommunications
Satellite Organization (INTELSAT). They were launched and tracked, on a
reimbursable basis, by NASA for the Communications Satellite Corporation, the
U.S. representative in and manager of INTELSAT. INTELSAT's method of designating
its satellites went through numerous changes as new satellites were launched,
producing alternate names for the same satellite and varying the numbering
system.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Geneva>The first of the INTELSAT satellites, Intelsat I, was named
"Early Bird" <FONT color=#800000>(ED SHARPE'S DAD HELPED BUILD AT HUGHES)</FONT>
because it was the satellite in the "early capability program" -the program to
obtain information applicable to selection and design of a global commercial
system and to provide experience in conducting communications [<A name=57></A></FONT><B><FONT face=Geneva>57</FONT></B><FONT face=Geneva>]
satellite operations.</FONT><B><SUP><FONT face=Geneva><A href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/reference.htm#a18.1">1</A></FONT></SUP></B><FONT face=Geneva> Early Bird, the world's first commercial comsat, was launched by
NASA 6 April 1965 and placed in synchronous orbit over the Atlantic
Ocean.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Geneva>Intelsat II-A, also called "Lani Bird," <FONT color=#ff0000>(this is the one Davic C refers to)</FONT> was the first
communications satellite of the Consortium's Intelsat II series. Lani Bird was
launched in October 1966 to transmit transpacific communications, but failed to
achieve synchronous orbit. It was named by the Hawaiian press; "Lani" meant
"bird of heaven."</FONT><B><SUP><FONT face=Geneva><A href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/reference.htm#a18.2">2</A></FONT></SUP></B><FONT face=Geneva> Intelsat II-B, or Pacific l, the second in the Intelsat II series,
was launched in January 1967 and placed in orbit to provide transpacific
service.</FONT><B><SUP><FONT face=Geneva><A href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/reference.htm#a18.3">3</A></FONT></SUP></B><FONT face=Geneva> Intelsat II-C (later redesignated Intelsat- II F-3 for flight 3 in
series II), or Atlantic 2,</FONT><B><SUP><FONT face=Geneva><A href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/ch2.htm#n3">***</A></FONT></SUP></B><FONT face=Geneva> was the second INTELSAT satellite to provide transatlantic
service.</FONT><B><SUP><FONT face=Geneva><A href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/reference.htm#a18.4">4</A></FONT></SUP></B><FONT face=Geneva> It was placed in synchronous orbit over the Atlantic in March
1967.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT face=Geneva>Subsequent satellites followed the same sequences: Intelsat
lI-D, or Pacific 2, was launched in September 1967 and later renumbered
Intelsat-II F-4; Intelsat Ill-A (later Intelsat-III F1) failed to achieve orbit
in September 1968; Intelsat-III F-2, or Atlantic 3, was launched in December
1968.</FONT><B><SUP><FONT face=Geneva><A href="http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4402/reference.htm#a18.5">5</A></FONT></SUP></B>
</P>
<P> </P>
<P> </P>
<P>back to early bird.....</P>
<P> </P>
<P>
<TABLE border=0 borderColor=#ffffff cellPadding=13 width="51%" bgColor=#ffffff><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD width="100%">
<P align=center><FONT size=6 face="Arial Black"><B>Inter-Continental
Television Via Early Bird Satellite</B></FONT></P></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="100%"><IMG border=0 src="http://www.smecc.org/rca-relay/early_7.gif" width=1068 height=1586></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width="100%"><IMG border=0 src="http://www.smecc.org/rca-relay/early_8.gif" width=1178 height=1564></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD bgColor=#c0c0c0 borderColor=#c0c0c0 width="100%"><FONT size=2> </FONT>
<P><FONT color=#000000 size=6><B>Inter-Continental Television Via Early
Bird Satellite</B></FONT></P><FONT size=2>
<P><FONT color=#000000>The first two-way commercial television program
using the Early Bird satellite was transmitted by RCA Communications,
Inc., for the Columbia Broadcasting System's "Town Meeting of the World"
on October 26.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000>The two-way arrangement permitted students in
Belgrade, London, Paris and Mexico City to direct questions on world
affairs to a distinguished panel in the Washington, D. C. studios of CBS.
The program also marked the first time that multiple points on both sides
of the Atlantic were linked via satellite.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000>The program was transmitted live between 4 :30 P.
M. and 5 :45 P. M. and taped for rebroadcast over the CBS network from 10
to 11 P. M.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000>Panel members included Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower,
former President of the United States; Arthur J. Goldberg, U. S.
Ambassador to the United Nations, and Thurgood Marshall, Solicitor General
of the United States. They answered questions posed by students attending
the London School of Economics, Belgrade University, University de Paris
and the University of Mexico City.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000>RCA Communications provides international
television transmission service via Early Bird on a regular commercial
basis, and is the only U. S. carrier providing international telegraph and
telex service via satellite.</FONT></P></FONT>
<P><FONT color=#000000 size=5><B>Well Done From CBS</B></FONT></P><FONT size=2>
<P><FONT color=#000000>Following the successful transmission of the first
two-way commercial television program via the Early Bird Satellite,
Charles E. Cadley, Manager of CBS Network Transmission Facilities, sent
this letter to our Executive Vice President Howard R. Hawkins:</FONT></P>
<P><I><FONT color=#000000>"Our Town Meeting of the World program is always
technically complex and yesterday was no exception. However, the excellent
assistance and comnplete cooperation we received from your organization
made it seem almost routine.</FONT></I></P>
<P><I><FONT color=#000000>"Without meaning to exclude anyone, we sincerely
appreciate the hard work and many "extras" Lou Donato contributed to make
this program a total success. Val Arbogast's help in pre-planning plus all
those behind the scene, was a real example of team effort.</FONT></I></P>
<P><I><FONT color=#000000>"Please extend our thanks to all
concerned."</FONT></I></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000>Cordially, Charles E. Cadley"</FONT></P></FONT>
<P><FONT color=#000000>Photos - </FONT></P><FONT size=2>
<P><FONT color=#000000>"Town Meeting of the World" panelists shown in the
Washington, D. C. studio of CBS. (I. to r.) Charles Collingwood,
Moderator, Former President Dwight D. Eisenhower, U.S. Ambassador to the
United Nations Arthur J. Goldberg, and Thurgood Marshall, Solicitor
General of the United States.</FONT></P></FONT>
<P><FONT color=#000000 size=2>PRS Assistant Dave Kintzner shown monitoring
signals from the Early Bird Satellite on the television control equipment
in the Program Radiophoto Section in our New York Headquarters
offices.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT color=#000000 size=2>=========================================================================--</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=2>-From RCA RELAY Christmas 1965</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=1 face=Arial>Volume 25 No. 11-12</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=1 face=Arial>Published bi-monthly in the interest of
employees and friends of RCA Communications, Inc., 66 Broad Street, New
York 4, N. Y.</FONT> <FONT size=1 face=Arial>TMKS. (R)</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=1 face=Arial>Contributions should be sent to the editorial
office in New York or Telephone: 212-363-2245.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=1 face=Arial>THOMPSON H. MITCHELL... President<BR>JOHN Q.
CANNON... .Secretary<BR>ROBERT W. JAMASON.. VP, Personnel<BR>FREDERICK J.
SAGER...V.P. & Treasurer</FONT></P>
<P><FONT size=1 face=Arial>Gene McAuliffeEditor<BR>Member American
Association Industrial Editors</FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
<P> </P>
<P><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-2.htm">http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-2.htm</A></P>
<P>The <STRONG>Intelsat II</STRONG> series of satellites, first launched in
1966, marked the third generation of communications satellites developed by
Hughes. At the time they were the largest satellites ever launched into
synchronous orbit for commercial operation. They were built for the
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) under the
direction of the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), which acts as
manager for INTELSAT in the operation and control of the satellites. Earlier
Hughes satellites included Syncom, which was built for the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration [NASA], and Early Bird, the world's first commercial
synchronous orbit satellite, launched by COMSAT in 1965. Since then four
Intelsat II satellites have been launched.</P>
<P>The first satellite, F-1, was launched October 26, 1966, for emplacement
above the Pacific but failed to achieve synchronous orbit when the apogee engine
thrust terminated approximately 4 seconds after ignition. Normal burning time
would have been 16 seconds. The satellite, despite its nonsynchronous orbit, was
used to transmit live television and other communications traffic.</P>
<P>Intelsat II F-2 was launched January 11, 1967, into synchronous orbit above
the Pacific near the International Date Line. Regular 24 hour commercial service
via the satellite began January 27, 1967. The operation linked earth stations in
the United States, Hawaii, Australia, and Japan.</P>
<P>Intelsat II F-3 was launched March 22, 1967, and positioned in synchronous
orbit above the Atlantic. The fourth satellite in the series, Intelsat II F-4,
was launched September 27, 1967, for commercial operation over the Pacific. The
Intelsat II satellites, in addition to commercial operation, provided
communications support services for NASA's manned lunar landing program. The
three satellites of the series, in continuous service throughout their 3 year
design lifetime, are now retired.</P>
<P>The Intelsat II's, twice as large as Early Bird and with more than twice the
power, were equipped with an advanced antenna design developed by Hughes that
permitted direct contact with a number of ground stations simultaneously.</P>
<P>The design concept of the satellite followed the same basic principles
developed by Hughes for Early Bird. These included spin stabilization, a
toroidal antenna beam that continually encompassed the earth, and a simple gas
jet system for attitude control and stationkeeping.</P>
<P>The spacecraft structure consisted basically of a central stiffened tube
directly supporting the apogee motor and communications antenna. An aft radial
bulkhead and rib assembly supported the majority of the payload electronics. A
forward bulkhead supported lateral and radial loads imposed by the apogee
engine. Both ends of the structure were closed by thermal shields, the shield at
the antenna end serving a dual role as an antenna ground plane.</P>
<P>The basic communications system was composed of two redundant linear
repeaters with 125 MHz bandwidth and 6 dB noise figure and four 6 Watt
traveling wave tubes, of which one, two, or three could be turned on in
parallel.</P>
<P>The satellite's telemetry subsystem was similar to that of Early Bird and
comprised two encoders, two VHF transmitters, and eight whip antennas. The
encoders modulated both VHF transmitters and the 4 GHz beacon signals. Both
VHF transmitters could be commanded on and off. The beacon signals were
transmitted continuously and modulated with telemetry signals. Communications
capacity of each satellite was 240 two-way telephone circuits or one two-way TV
channel.</P>
<P>The outer surface of the satellite was covered with 12,756 n/p silicon solar
cells. These delivered 85 Watts of electrical power under normal operating
conditions.</P>
<P>A self-contained apogee motor, fired by command from ground control, supplied
the velocity boost required to inject the satellite into synchronous orbit from
the transfer orbit. Launch vehicle for the satellite was the <A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-e1.htm">Delta-E1</A>.</P>
<DIV class=clearall></DIV>
<P>
<TABLE id=satdata class=data>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Nation:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>International</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Type / Application:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Communication</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Operator:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Intelsat</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Contractors:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Hughes</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Equipment:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>2 transponders</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Configuration:</TH>
<TD class=rcont><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/hs-303.htm">HS-303A</A></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Propulsion:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>SVM-1</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Power:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Solar cells (body mounted), batteries</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Lifetime:</TH>
<TD class=rcont></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Mass:</TH>
<TD class=rcont></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Orbit:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>GEO</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE id=satlist class=data>
<COLGROUP>
<COL id=ld_sat>
<COL id=ld_dat>
<COL id=ld_ls>
<COL id=ld_suc>
<COL id=ld_lau>
<COL id=ld_rem></COLGROUP>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH>Satellite</TH>
<TH>Date</TH>
<TH>LS</TH>
<TH></TH>
<TH>Launch Vehicle</TH>
<TH>Remarks</TH></TR>
<TR class=failedp>
<TD>Intelsat-2 1 (Blue Bird)</TD>
<TD>26.10.1966</TD>
<TD>CC LC-17B</TD>
<TD>P</TD>
<TD><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-e1.htm">Delta-E1</A></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>Intelsat-2 2 (Lani Bird)</TD>
<TD>11.01.1967</TD>
<TD>CC LC-17B</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-e1.htm">Delta-E1</A></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>Intelsat-2 3 (Canary Bird)</TD>
<TD>22.03.1967</TD>
<TD>CC LC-17B</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-e1.htm">Delta-E1</A></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>Intelsat-2 4</TD>
<TD>28.09.1967</TD>
<TD>CC LC-17B</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-e1.htm">Delta-E1</A></TD>
<TD></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
<DIV class=box>Further Intelsat missions:
<UL>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-1.htm">Intelsat-1
1</A> (HS-303)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-2.htm">Intelsat-2 1,
2, 3, 4</A> (HS-303)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-3.htm">Intelsat-3 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8</A></LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-4.htm">Intelsat-4 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8</A> (HS-312)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-4a.htm">Intelsat-4A
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6</A> (HS-353)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-5.htm">Intelsat-5 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9</A></LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-5a.htm">Intelsat-5A
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15</A></LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-6.htm">Intelsat-6 1,
2, 3, 4, 5</A> (HS-389)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-7.htm">Intelsat-7 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 9</A> (LS-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-7a.htm">Intelsat-7A
6, 7, 8</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-8.htm">Intelsat-8 1,
2, 3, 4</A> (AS-7000)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-8a.htm">Intelsat-8A
5, 6</A> (AS-7000)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-9.htm">Intelsat-9 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7</A> (SSL-1300HL)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-10-01.htm">Intelsat-10
01</A> (Eurostar-3000)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-10-02.htm">Intelsat-10
02</A> (Eurostar-3000)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/telstar-5.htm">Intelsat
Americas 5, 6, 7</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-americas-8.htm">Intelsat
Americas 8</A> (SSL-1300S)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/galaxy-19.htm">Intelsat
Americas 9</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/echostar-9.htm">Intelsat
Americas 13</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sinosat-1.htm">Intelsat-APR
1</A> (Spacebus-3000A)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/insat-2e.htm">Intelsat-APR
2</A> (I-3K Bus)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/hellassat-2.htm">Intelsat-APR
3</A> (Eurostar-2000+)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-k.htm">Intelsat K</A>
(AS-5000)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/hellassat-2.htm">Intelsat
K-TV</A> (Eurostar-2000+)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-1r.htm">Intelsat 1R</A>
(HS-702)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-2.htm">Intelsat 2, 3R,
4</A> (HS-601)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-5.htm">Intelsat 5</A>
(HS-601HP)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-6b.htm">Intelsat 6B</A>
(HS-601HP)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-7.htm">Intelsat 7</A>
(LS-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-8.htm">Intelsat 8</A>
(LS-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pas-9.htm">Intelsat 9, 10</A>
(HS-601HP)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-11.htm">Intelsat
11</A> (Star-2)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/europestar-1.htm">Intelsat
12</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-14.htm">Intelsat
14</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-15.htm">Intelsat
15</A> (Star-2)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-16.htm">Intelsat
16</A> (Star-2)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-17.htm">Intelsat
17</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-18.htm">Intelsat
18</A> (Star-2)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-19.htm">Intelsat
19</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-20.htm">Intelsat
20</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-21.htm">Intelsat
21</A> (BSS-702MP)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-22.htm">Intelsat
22</A> (BSS-702MP)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-23.htm">Intelsat
23</A> (Star-2)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/amos-1.htm">Intelsat 24</A>
(Amos-Bus)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/protostar-1.htm">Intelsat
25</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jcsat-3.htm">Intelsat 26</A>
(HS-601)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-27.htm">Intelsat
27</A> (BSS-702MP)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/intelsat-30.htm">Intelsat 30,
31</A> (SSL-1300)</LI>
<LI><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/new-dawn.htm">New Dawn</A>
(Star-2)</LI></UL></DIV>
<P> </P>
<P> </P>
<P> </P>
<P>========================================================</P>
<P> </P>
<P>here is the page from Gunters space pages on
earlybird and some specs</P>
<P><STRONG>Early Bird</STRONG>, also known as <STRONG>Intelsat I</STRONG>, the
world's first commercial communications satellite, was built for the
Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) by the Space and Communications
Group of Hughes Aircraft Company, later Hughes Space and Communications Company.
The satellite was launched into synchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. It was
placed in commercial service on June 28. Early Bird's design stemmed from the
Syncom satellites Hughes had built for the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration to demonstrate the feasibility of communications from synchronous
orbit. On station in orbit 22,300 miles above the equator, Early Bird provided
line of sight communications between Europe and North America. As a
communications repeater, Early Bird handled communications that were
representative of all types of common carrier network traffic, including
telephone, television, telegraph, and facsimile transmissions.</P>
<P>As the forerunner of a synchronous satellite system that would furnish
communications to all the populated areas of the world, Early Bird, with
capability of 240 circuits or one TV channel, successfully demonstrated the
concept of synchronous satellites for commercial communications. While designed
for an operational lifetime of only 18 months, the satellite was in continuous,
full-time service for nearly 4 years. It was placed on reserve status in January
1969, but recalled into service in June of that year for use during the Apollo
11 mission. Two months later the satellite was again retired from active service
and placed in orbital reserve by COMSAT. The satellite is currently
inactive.</P>
<P>Features:
<UL>
<LI>Spin stabilized-gyroscopic action eliminated need for complex attitude
control systems</LI>
<LI>Solar power for constant operation</LI>
<LI>Provided point-to-point communications</LI></UL>
<P>The primary advantage of a synchronous orbit communications satellite is that
ground installations are greatly simplified. By virtue of the satellite's
"fixed" position, complex and expensive tracking antennas are not required.
However, in order to hold its position in relation to the Earth's axis, the
satellite must be placed directly above the equator. Since Early Bird was
launched from Cape Kennedy, which is north of the equator, certain maneuvers
were necessary to properly position the satellite. These were performed by means
of commands from the Earth station located at Andover, Maine. The launch vehicle
for Early Bird was the <A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-d.htm">Delta-D</A>, a
three-stage rocket built by Douglas Aircraft Company. Launched with its apogee
motor in a forward position, Early Bird was aligned by the Delta's third stage
at an angle of 16.7 degrees to the equator and spin stabilized. It was separated
from the third stage at 26 minutes, 32 seconds after liftoff and coasted to its
first apogee of 23,081 miles. During the elliptical orbits, Early Bird was
precisely oriented by ground control.</P>
<P>With the firing of the apogee motor on the sixth apogee, Early Bird was
thrust into an almost circular equatorial orbit near 32 degrees W
longitude with an eastward drift rate of 1.5 degrees per day. Final
synchronization to slow the drift rate and more nearly match the earth's
rotation rate was accomplished on April 14, 1965. This maneuver placed Early
Bird at its planned position, 28 degrees W longitude. The attitude of
the satellite was then changed to concentrate the antenna beam on the Andover
and European earth stations. The earth station at Andover was equipped with
Hughes-developed telemetry and command equipment. Launching services and
facilities were provided by NASA in accordance with an agreement with
COMSAT.</P>
<DIV class=clearall></DIV>
<P>
<TABLE id=satdata class=data>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Nation:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>International</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Type / Application:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Communication</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Operator:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Intelsat</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Contractors:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Hughes</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Equipment:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>1 transponder</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Configuration:</TH>
<TD class=rcont><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/hs-303.htm">HS-303</A></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Propulsion:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Starfinder AKM</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Power:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>Solar cells (body mounted), batteries</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Lifetime:</TH>
<TD class=rcont></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Mass:</TH>
<TD class=rcont></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TH class=lhead>Orbit:</TH>
<TD class=rcont>GEO</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE id=satlist class=data>
<COLGROUP>
<COL id=ld_sat>
<COL id=ld_dat>
<COL id=ld_ls>
<COL id=ld_suc>
<COL id=ld_lau>
<COL id=ld_rem></COLGROUP>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TH>Satellite</TH>
<TH>Date</TH>
<TH>LS</TH>
<TH></TH>
<TH>Launch Vehicle</TH>
<TH>Remarks</TH></TR>
<TR>
<TD>Intelsat-1 1 (Early Bird)</TD>
<TD>06.04.1965</TD>
<TD>CC LC-17A</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD><A href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/delta-d.htm">Delta-D</A></TD>
<TD></TD></TR>
<TR class=cancelled>
<TD>Intelsat-1 2</TD>
<TD>not launched</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
<DIV class=box>Further Intelsat missions: </DIV>
<P>=============================================================================<BR>Ed,
</P>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>This head may be the same as is on this camera:</DIV>
<DIV><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA1.1337535609@aol.com" width=720 height=486 DATASIZE="71339" apple-height="yes" apple-width="yes" ID="MA1.1337535609" ><IMG SRC="cid:X.MA2.1337535609@aol.com" width=499 height=473 DATASIZE="35047" apple-height="yes" apple-width="yes" ID="MA2.1337535609" ></DIV>
<DIV>The above shot: The first Hawaii to U. S. mainland (and
visa-versa) satellite broadcast November 19, 1966. </DIV>
<DIV><BR>
<DIV>
<DIV style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space">
<DIV style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-VARIANT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class=Apple-style-span>
<DIV style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-VARIANT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class=Apple-style-span>
<DIV style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space"><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; FONT-VARIANT: normal; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate; WHITE-SPACE: normal; ORPHANS: 2; LETTER-SPACING: normal; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0); WORD-SPACING: 0px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px" class=Apple-style-span>
<DIV style="WORD-WRAP: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space">
<DIV>Best Regards,<BR><BR>David
Crosthwait<BR></DIV></DIV></SPAN></DIV></SPAN></DIV></SPAN></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>