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<DIV>unless they had live crews they had to have tape....</DIV>
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<H1 id=firstHeading class=firstHeading>Stratovision</H1><!-- /firstHeading --><!-- bodyContent -->
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<P><B>Stratovision</B> was an airborne television transmission <A class=mw-redirect title="Relay system" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_system"><FONT color=#0645ad>relay
system</FONT></A> from aircraft flying at high altitudes. In 1945 the Glenn L.
Martin Co. and <A class=mw-redirect title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"><FONT color=#0645ad>Westinghouse Electric Corporation</FONT></A> advocated television
coverage of small towns and rural areas as well as the large metropolitan
centers by fourteen aircraft that would provide coverage for approximately 78%
of the people in the <A title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"><FONT color=#0645ad>U.S.A.</FONT></A> This system has been used for domestic
broadcasting in the U.S.A, used by the U.S. military in <A title=Vietnam href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"><FONT color=#0645ad>Vietnam</FONT></A> and other countries, and unsuccessfully
attempted by <A title="Pirate radio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio"><FONT color=#0645ad>pirate
radio</FONT></A> operators.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class=toctoggle><FONT size=2>[</FONT><A id=togglelink class=internal href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#"><FONT color=#0645ad size=2>hide</FONT></A><FONT size=2>]</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Technology"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Technology</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Early_tests"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Early
tests</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Education_by_Stratovision"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Education by Stratovision</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" sizset="1" sizcache="0"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Propaganda_by_Stratovision"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>4</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Propaganda by Stratovision</SPAN></FONT></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Vietnam_War"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Vietnam War</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#War_in_Iraq"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>War
in Iraq</SPAN></FONT></A> </LI></UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Pirate_television_by_Stratovision"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>5</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Pirate
television by Stratovision</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Stratovision:_a_temporary_service"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>6</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Stratovision: a temporary service</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#Trivia"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>7</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>Trivia</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#References"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>8</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>References</SPAN></FONT></A>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#External_links"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN class=tocnumber>9</SPAN> <SPAN class=toctext>External links</SPAN></FONT></A>
</LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Technology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=1"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Technology class=mw-headline>Technology</SPAN></H2>
<P>Because the broadcasting antenna for Stratovision is usually hung beneath the
aircraft in flight, it naturally has a great command of a <A title="Line-of-sight propagation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation"><FONT color=#0645ad>line of sight</FONT></A>. Although transmission distances are
dependent upon atmospheric conditions, a transmitting antenna 30,000 feet
(9 km) above the earth's surface has a line of sight distance of
approximately 211 statute miles (340 km).</P>
<P>A Stratovision 25 kW transmitter operating from 30,000 feet (9 km)
at 600 megahertz will achieve a <A class=mw-redirect title="Field intensity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_intensity"><FONT color=#0645ad>field
intensity</FONT></A> of 2 millivolts per meter for a 30-foot (9 m) high
receiving antenna up to 238 miles (383 km) away from the aircraft.</P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Early tests" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=2"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Early_tests class=mw-headline>Early tests</SPAN></H2>
<P>Stratovision tests were undertaken between June 1948 to February 1949. The
first phase was undertaken by the Glenn L. Martin Co. and <A class=mw-redirect title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"><FONT color=#0645ad>Westinghouse Electric Corporation</FONT></A> using a twin-engine
<A title="Lockheed Ventura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura"><FONT color=#0645ad>PV-2
aircraft</FONT></A> flying at 25,000 feet (7.6 km) that transmitted with
250 watts on 107.5 MHz and 5 kW on 514 MHz at <A title=Baltimore href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"><FONT color=#0645ad>Baltimore</FONT></A>, <A title=Maryland href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"><FONT color=#0645ad>Maryland</FONT></A> so that recordings could be made at various
locations ranging from <A title="Norfolk, Virginia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"><FONT color=#0645ad>Norfolk, Virginia</FONT></A> to <A class=mw-redirect title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"><FONT color=#0645ad>Pittsburgh</FONT></A>, <A title=Pennsylvania href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"><FONT color=#0645ad>Pennsylvania</FONT></A> and <A title=Boston href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"><FONT color=#0645ad>Boston</FONT></A>, <A title=Massachusetts href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"><FONT color=#0645ad>Massachusetts</FONT></A>.</P>
<P>The second phase of testing was undertaken by these companies using a
stripped-down <B><A class=mw-redirect title="B-29 Superfortress" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress"><FONT color=#0645ad>B-29
Superfortress</FONT></A></B> flying at 30,000 feet (9.1 km). The plane was
equipped to receive a relay transmission from <B>WMAR-TV</B>, the Westinghouse
television studios in Baltimore, which was then relayed over a 5 kW video
transmitter and a 1 kW audio transmitter for reception on 82-88 MHz
with a television set tuned to Channel 6.</P>
<P>The aircraft received its originating signals from circular dipoles attached
to a streamlined eight-foot (2.5 m) mast on top of the aircraft's vertical
tail fin. The retractable 28 feet (8.5 m) long broadcasting antenna hung
vertically beneath the aircraft. It was composed of a two-element turnstile
array for video and a single-element circular dipole for sound
transmissions.</P>
<P>The receivers, transmitters and necessary air-conditioning were all powered
by the plane's engines using three 15 kVA, 500 Hz alternators. Without
air conditioning the transmitters in the interior of the aircraft would have
generated a temperature of 134 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius) with an
outside air temperature of 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 4 degrees Celsius).</P>
<P>On June 23, 1948 the system's airborne transmitter rebroadcast the <A title="Republican National Convention" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Convention"><FONT color=#0645ad>Republican National Convention</FONT></A>, being held in <A class=mw-redirect title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"><FONT color=#0645ad>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</FONT></A>, to the surrounding
nine-state area during the 9 to 10 pm <A class=mw-redirect title="Eastern Time Zone (North America)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone_(North_America)"><FONT color=#0645ad>EDT</FONT></A> time period. As part of the activity, a receiver
was set up in a hall in <A title="Zanesville, Ohio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio"><FONT color=#0645ad>Zanesville, Ohio</FONT></A>, a small city on the outskirts of the
broadcast area (to demonstrate to the invited newspaper reporters that the
system was capable of reaching "small town and farm homes").<SUP id=cite_ref-0 class=reference><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#cite_note-0"><FONT color=#0645ad><SPAN>[</SPAN>1<SPAN>]</SPAN></FONT></A></SUP></P>
<P>The tests were watched by many television viewers who sent in reception
reports. From these reports it was calculated that Stratovision would require
only eight relay planes to provide a transcontinental network and six additional
planes to provide coverage to 78 percent of the United States. Mr. C.E. Nobles
who was the head of Stratovision for Westinghouse said in his report:</P>
<DL>
<DD>"<I>The major technical problems of the system have been solved, and the
commercial development awaits only the crystallization of public demand for
the expanded services offered by airborne broadcasting, application of the
system by the radio industry to meet this demand, and the clarification of
channel facilities available to make possible this application.</I>" </DD></DL>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Education by Stratovision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=3"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Education_by_Stratovision class=mw-headline>Education by Stratovision</SPAN></H2>
<P>In 1961 a nonprofit organization, <A title="Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Program_on_Airborne_Television_Instruction"><FONT color=#0645ad>Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction</FONT></A>,
commenced a Stratovision service from the airfield of Purdue University. The
effort began as a three-year experiment funded by the <A title="Ford Foundation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"><FONT color=#0645ad>Ford
Foundation</FONT></A>. The program organized, produced and transmitted
educational television programs four days a week from a DC-6AB aircraft flying
at 23,000 feet (7,010 m) over the community of Montpelier in north central
Indiana.</P>
<P>MPATI delivered its programs to television channels 72 (call sign KS2XGA) and
76 (KS2XGD) in the UHF band, by transmitting videotaped lectures from the
aircraft to an estimated potential 5,000,000 students in 13,000 schools and
colleges. The aircraft were equipped with two 2-inch (51 mm) videotape machines
and two UHF transmitters.</P>
<P>When MPATI signed on it used an <A title="Indian Head test card" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Head_test_card"><FONT color=#0645ad>"Indian head" test pattern card</FONT></A> which was shown for
five minutes before and between programs. The service ended in 1968 when it
became embroiled in legal action over their application of Stratovision in a
controversy with the Westinghouse company.</P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Propaganda by Stratovision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=4"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Propaganda_by_Stratovision class=mw-headline>Propaganda by Stratovision</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Vietnam War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=5"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Vietnam_War class=mw-headline>Vietnam War</SPAN></H3>
<P>During the war in Vietnam, the <A title="United States Navy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"><FONT color=#0645ad>United States Navy</FONT></A> also used Stratovision television
technology when it flew <I>Operation Blue Eagle</I> from 1966 to 1972 over the
<A class=mw-redirect title=Saigon href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"><FONT color=#0645ad>Saigon</FONT></A>
area of <A title="South Vietnam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"><FONT color=#0645ad>South
Vietnam</FONT></A>. The television programs were aimed at two audiences on two
channels. One was aimed at the general public and the other was intended for the
information and entertainment of US troops who were stationed in South
Vietnam.</P>
<P>On January 3, 1966, <A class=new title="Broadcasting magazine (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadcasting_magazine&action=edit&redlink=1"><FONT color=#ba0000>Broadcasting magazine</FONT></A> reported:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<CENTER><B>Vietnam to get airborne TV</B><BR><B>Two-channel service - one for
Vietnamese, other for U.S. servicemen - starts this
month</B></CENTER><I>Television broadcasting in South Vietnam ... begins
January 21 and it's going to be done from the air. Two airplanes, circling
10,000 to 20,000 feet [3 to 6 km] above the ground, will broadcast on two
TV channels—one transmitting Saigon government programs; the other U.S.
programs. The project is being handled by the <A class=mw-redirect title="U.S. Navy" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"><FONT color=#0645ad>U.S. Navy</FONT></A>. Also involved are the <A class=mw-redirect title="U.S. Information Agency" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Information_Agency"><FONT color=#0645ad>U.S. Information Agency</FONT></A> and the <A class=mw-redirect title="Agency for International Development" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_International_Development"><FONT color=#0645ad>Agency for International Development</FONT></A>. Work on
modifying two <A title="Lockheed Corporation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"><FONT color=#0645ad>Lockheed</FONT></A> <A class=mw-redirect title="Super Constellation" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Constellation"><FONT color=#0645ad>Super Constellations</FONT></A> has been underway by Navy
electronics experts at <A class=mw-redirect title="Andrews Air Force Base" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base"><FONT color=#0645ad>Andrews Air Force Base</FONT></A> ... The project is an
outgrowth of a broadcasting plane used by the Navy during the <A title=Cuba href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"><FONT color=#0645ad>Cuban</FONT></A>
and <A title="Dominican Republic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"><FONT color=#0645ad>Dominican Republic</FONT></A> crises when both radio and
television were beamed to home in those countries.</I></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The same article went on to report that during the Baseball <A title="World Series" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"><FONT color=#0645ad>World Series</FONT></A> of October 1965 Stratovision had also been
used to bring the games to the troops. The aircraft had picked up <A title="Voice of America" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America"><FONT color=#0645ad>Voice
of America</FONT></A> radio broadcasts from <A title=California href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"><FONT color=#0645ad>California</FONT></A> and relayed the signal to a ground
broadcasting station. The Agency for International Development (AID) had
purchased through the military <A class=new title="Post Exchange Service (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_Exchange_Service&action=edit&redlink=1"><FONT color=#ba0000>Post Exchange Service</FONT></A>, 1,000 monochrome, 23-inch
television sets modified to operate on a variety of domestic power sources, and
which had been airlifted to South Vietnam on December 28, 1965. They were to be
put into community facilities around Saigon. AID was also spending $2.4 million
to supply a total of 2,500 TV sets to South Vietnam.</P>
<P>The entire project was under the control of Captain George C. Dixon, USN. He
claimed to be installing AM, FM, shortwave and TV transmitters on the aircraft
which would get their power from an onboard 100 kW diesel-fueled generator.
The planes would not only relay programs from film chain kinescopes and video
recorders, but they would also have live cameras to create their own live
programs.</P>
<P>Ground transmissions would be received from the aircraft on TV sets tuned to
channel 11 for Armed Forces Television, and channel 9 for programs in
Vietnamese. On radio the broadcasts would be tuned to 1000 kHz for AM and
99.9 MHz for FM.</P>
<P>On February 7, 1966, Broadcasting magazine reported that after working out a
number of technical problems that the first show on channel 9 would begin at
7:30 p.m. and feature South Vietnamese Prime Minister <A class=mw-redirect title="Nguyen Cao Ky" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_Cao_Ky"><FONT color=#0645ad>Nguyen Cao Ky</FONT></A> and U.S. Ambassador <A title="Henry Cabot Lodge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge"><FONT color=#0645ad>Cabot
Lodge</FONT></A> in a videotaped production, followed by channel 11 at
8 p.m. with <A title="William Westmoreland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland"><FONT color=#0645ad>General Westmoreland</FONT></A> introducing a two-hour program
which incorporated one hour of the <A title="Grand Ole Opry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry"><FONT color=#0645ad>Grand Ole
Opry</FONT></A> filmed in <A title="Nashville, Tennessee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"><FONT color=#0645ad>Nashville</FONT></A>, <A title=Tennessee href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"><FONT color=#0645ad>Tennessee</FONT></A>. After that the Vietnamese channel would be
seen for one and half hours a day and the American channel for three hours
daily.</P>
<P>On February 8, <A title="The New York Times" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"><FONT color=#0645ad>The
New York Times</FONT></A> reported:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<CENTER><B>South Vietnamese Watch First TV Show</B></CENTER></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The story reported that the Vietnamese had to strain their ears because the
speakers on the TV sets would need to be amplified if they were going to be
heard by a room full of people watching <B>THVN-TV</B> channel 9. The American
programming on <B>NWB-TV</B> channel 11 featured a line-up of future shows to
include <A title=Bonanza href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza"><FONT color=#0645ad>Bonanza</FONT></A>; <I><A title="Perry Mason (TV series)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason_(TV_series)"><FONT color=#0645ad>Perry Mason</FONT></A>; <A title="The Ed Sullivan Show" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"><FONT color=#0645ad>The
Ed Sullivan Show</FONT></A></I> and <I><A title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson"><FONT color=#0645ad>The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</FONT></A></I>. The main
feature was <A title="Bob Hope" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hope"><FONT color=#0645ad>Bob
Hope</FONT></A> in a two-hour special called <I>Hollywood Salute to Vietnam</I>,
followed by half-an-hour of the <I>Grand Ole Opry</I> and another half-hour of
the quiz show <I><A title="I've Got a Secret" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_a_Secret"><FONT color=#0645ad>I've
Got a Secret</FONT></A></I>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=6"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia class=mw-headline>1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia</SPAN></H3>
<P><A class=mw-redirect title="EC-130 Commando Solo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC-130_Commando_Solo"><FONT color=#0645ad>EC-130 Commando Solo</FONT></A> was used in propaganda warfare
during <A class=mw-redirect title="1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"><FONT color=#0645ad>1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</FONT></A>
with questionable success. Production was very cheap, below local tv standards
in <A class=mw-redirect title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"><FONT color=#0645ad>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</FONT></A> with slide show and
narration based news. Quality of reception was very poor and area of coverage
was rather small.</P>
<H3><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: War in Iraq" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=7"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=War_in_Iraq class=mw-headline>War
in Iraq</SPAN></H3>
<P>More recently, the <A class=mw-redirect title="EC-130 Commando Solo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC-130_Commando_Solo"><FONT color=#0645ad>EC-130 Commando Solo</FONT></A> has been used to broadcast
information and propaganda for the United States over a variety of television
and radio frequencies. It has been used in several areas of operation, including
<A title="Bosnia and Herzegovina" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"><FONT color=#0645ad>Bosnia</FONT></A> and <A title=Iraq href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"><FONT color=#0645ad>Iraq</FONT></A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Pirate television by Stratovision" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=8"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Pirate_television_by_Stratovision class=mw-headline>Pirate television by Stratovision</SPAN></H2>
<P>In 1969 news stories began to appear in the <A title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"><FONT color=#0645ad>United
Kingdom</FONT></A> that <A title="Ronan O'Rahilly" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_O%27Rahilly"><FONT color=#0645ad>Ronan
O'Rahilly</FONT></A>, the founder of the <A title="Pirate radio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_radio"><FONT color=#0645ad>pirate
radio</FONT></A> ship based service called <A title="Radio Caroline" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Caroline"><FONT color=#0645ad>Radio
Caroline</FONT></A>, which at that time was not on the air, was about to launch
<A class=mw-redirect title="Caroline Television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Television"><FONT color=#0645ad>Caroline Television</FONT></A> instead. His plans called for two
aircraft, one in service and one as a relief, which would transmit commercial
television programs to <A class=mw-redirect title=UK href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"><FONT color=#0645ad>Britain</FONT></A> by
Stratovision. Although these stories continued for some time nothing became of
the project. To date no pirate radio or television service has ever operated by
means of Stratovision.</P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Stratovision: a temporary service" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=9"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Stratovision:_a_temporary_service class=mw-headline>Stratovision: a temporary service</SPAN></H2>
<P>Today the Stratovision concept is used as a stop-gap measure where land based
transmitters are not possible and where large areas of territory need to be
served with a television program. Due to the advent of <A class=mw-redirect title="Fibre optic" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optic"><FONT color=#0645ad>fibre optic</FONT></A> <A title="Cable television" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"><FONT color=#0645ad>cable
television</FONT></A> systems and <A class=mw-redirect title="Direct broadcast satellite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite"><FONT color=#0645ad>direct broadcast satellite</FONT></A> services, Stratovision has
become unnecessary as a permanent means of television delivery.</P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: Trivia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=10"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=Trivia class=mw-headline>Trivia</SPAN></H2>
<P>The 1987 film <A class=new title="Riders of the Storm (page does not exist)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riders_of_the_Storm&action=edit&redlink=1"><FONT color=#ba0000>Riders of the Storm</FONT></A> (also known as "The American Way")
used a similar concept, with a group of Vietnam Veterans running a pirate TV
station (S&M TV) from a B-29 that was constantly in flight.</P>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: References" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=11"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=References class=mw-headline>References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class=references-small>
<OL class=references>
<LI id=cite_note-0><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovision#cite_ref-0"><FONT color=#0645ad>^</FONT></A></B> <A title="Air & Space" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_%26_Space"><FONT color=#0645ad>Air
& Space</FONT></A> magazine, Vol 22 No 3, August 2007, "Broadcast Bomber",
p. 18 </LI></OL></DIV>
<H2><SPAN class=editsection>[<A title="Edit section: External links" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratovision&action=edit§ion=12"><FONT color=#0645ad>edit</FONT></A>]</SPAN> <SPAN id=External_links class=mw-headline>External links</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A class="external text" href="http://lib.umd.edu/NPBA/papers/mpati.html" rel=nofollow><FONT color=#3366bb>MPATI history page</FONT></A>
</LI></UL></DIV></DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>